Brief History of the District:
Kanpur is said to be the corruption of Kanhaiyapur or Kanhpur which was an unimportant village till its first contact with British. According to a local tradition, name of Kanhpur owes its origin to Hindu Singh a raja of Sachendi who came here about 1750 AD to bathe in the holy river Ganga and established village which possibly was named Kanhpur and with the passage of time, it changed to Kanpur. Kanpur Nagar district was carved out from Kanpur district on 9th June 1976 and remaining part of the district was named Kanpur Dehat. Again on 12.7.1977, it was merged into the same district, Then after on 23rd April 1981, district was further divided into Kanpur Nagar and Kanpur Dehat. On 15th August 1989 Kanpur was made divisional headquarters in which six districts of Allahabad divisions, i.e,. Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat, Etawah, Auraiya, Farrukhabad and Kannauj were included.
Area that constitutes present district of Kanpur Nagar seems to have imprints of one of the earliest existence of human culture going as far as back to stone age as described archaeological finds in Moosanagar on the left bank of Yamuna. Traces of further stages of culture are revealed from bronze arrows, spear head of copper, fragments of stone images, terra cotta objects, bricks, pottery pieces etc.
In sixth century B.C, it was a part of Panchala Kingdom at Ahichetra the sway of which extended from the foot of Himalaya in the north -east to Chambal river in south- west. During the medieval period, it was part of Kannauj empire till its conquest in 1193 A.D. by Shahabuddin Ghauri at the battle of “Chandawar” and its territory passed to the Muslim rule of sultan of Delhi, Sharqui dynasty of Jaunpur, the Mughals with an interruption of rule of Sher Shah Suri of Afghanistan. The death of Aurangzeb in 1707 triggered off the process of disintegration of Mughal empire and in its wake, many battles were fought between Mughals, Marathas and Nawabs of Avadh for its control with the territory going finally to Nawab of Avadh. It remained with them till 1801 when it was made over to the Britishers. The Muslims of 1857 in Kanpur went into full conflagration when Nana Saheb, son of Peshwa Baji Rao II struck against Britishers and took control. Kanpur rose to prominence after comming into contact with Britishers. Strategically placed, it was made an important military station and was strongly garrisoned. In late 19th century, it developed into an industrial centre with large concentration of textile industry leading nick named as Manchester of east.
Kanpur is the largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh. It is known as "Leather City" as it contains some of the largest and finest tanneries in the world. Kanpur is one of North India's main commercial and industrial centres. Towards the end of 19th century, Sir John Burney Allens established a group of companies such as Kanpur Textiles, Cawnpore Woollen Mills (Lal-imli), Flex Shoes Company, Elgin Mills and North Tannery under the banner of British India Corporation having headquarters at Kanpur. In the beginning of 20th century, Lala Kamlapat established a group of companies such as; J.K. Cotton Mills and J.K. Iron etc. under the banner of J.K. During the same period Sir J. P. Srivastava established New Victoria Mills.The Jaipuria family bought Swadeshi Cotton Mills from the Horsman family and in 1928 Sardar Inder Singh founded India's First steel re-rolling mill at Singh Engineering which later became one of India's biggest steel rolling mills. British Government also established a number of factories like; Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur (Now HAL), Ordnance Factory, Kanpur (Manufactured the Nirbheek Revolver) and Parachute Factory in 1886 to supplement their defence requirements. Today Kanpur comprises Ghari detergent, Red Tape Shoes, Goldie spices, Duncans Industries, innumerous middle-scale industries, and Hosiery business etc; which are more than 350 in number.
Administrative Setup:
The district is administratively divided into 03 tahsils namely Kanpur, Bilhaur and Ghatampur. For implementation and monitoring of development scheme the district is divided into 10 development blocks namely Kalyanpur, Bidhunu, Sarsol, Bilhaur, Shivrajpur, Chaubepur, Kakwan, Ghatampur, Patara and Bhitargaon. Total area of the district is 3155.0 Sq. Km. The rural area covers 2832.2 Sq. Km. and urban recorded 322.8 Sq.Km. There are 557 Gram Panchayats and 1003 Revenue villages with 902 inhabited villages and 101 uninhabited villages in the district. In urban area there are 06 Statutory Towns and 04 Census Towns. Statutory Towns comprises of 01 Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation), 02 Nagar Palika Parishad , 02 Nagar Panchayats and 01 cantonment Board.
District Administration:-
District administration comprises of Revenue, Development, Police (Law and Order), Judiciary, and Local self-government. District Magistrate is In-charge of revenue & administration. He is assisted by Additional District Magistrate (Finance and Revenue) i.e., ADM (F&R). At the tahsil level Sub Divisional Magistrate is In-charge, who is now redesignated as Up-Jila Adhikari. He is assisted by Tahsildars in each tahsil and for revenue collection each tahsil is further entrusted to Naib Tahsildars and Kanongos's circles respectively. For each revenue village, Lekhpal is In-charge.
Chief Development Officer (C.D.O) and District Development Officer (D.D.O) are In-charge for development activities in the district. They also assist District Magistrate for implementation and monitoring of various development schemes in the district. Project Director is also deployed to assist D.M and C.D.O. in formations & supervision of different development programmes in the district. For development of rural area, district is further divided into Development Block well known as Vikas Khand (also known as Office of Kshetra Panchayats). Block Development Officers (B.D.O) look after development works at Blocks level. For his assistance Assistant Development Officer and at village level Village Development Officers have been deployed.
Under the police set-up Senior Superintendent of Police (S.S.P) and Superintendent of Police (S.P) are In-charge of their respective district. Additional Superintendent of Police (A.S.P) is also deployed to assist S.S.P/S.P in their respective area. Deputy Superintendent of Police (D.S.P)/ Circle Officer (C.O) look-after the law and order of the area allotted to them. Police Inspectors and Sub Inspectors are In-charges of their respective Thanas/Police stations depending upon the population and area.
The Judicial administration of the District is headed by District and Session Judge. In addition to him there are several Additional District Judge, Civil Judge, Chief Judicial Magistrate and Munsif Magistrate and others judiciary officer are also posted to look after legal matters.
Besides these administrative officers a number of other district level officers are also posted at District headquarters. Other District Level of Offices are District Informatics Officer (NIC), Field Publicity Officer and Income Tax Officer, Sr. Treasury Officer, District Supply Officer, District Agriculture Officer, District Economics & Statistical Officer, District Savings Officer, District Sports Officer, District Employment Officer, Trade tax Officer, Entertainment Tax Officer, District Prosecution Officer, District Excise Officer, General Manager District Industry Centre, Plant Protection Officer, District Panchayat Raj Officer, District Programme Officer, Basic Shiksha Adhikari, District Inspector of Schools, Sp. Land acquisition Officer, District Social Welfare Officer, Minority Welfare Officer, Project Manager (U.P.L.D.C.), Asstt. Regional Transport Officer, Asstt. District Election Officer, and District Soldier welfare Officer are also deployed for monitoring and execution of various development activities in there district.
The Nucleus of the district body for self government is consisted of Mayor & Nagar Ayukat at Nagar Nigam level and Executive Officer (E.O) & Chairman of their respective Nagar Palika Parishad/ Nagar Panchayats. Similarly at Jila Parishad level Jila Panchayats Chairman & Apar Mukhya Adhikari (AMA) work as a public representative. Pramukh of Kshetra Samiti/Panchayat & B.D.O in Vikas Khand level, Gram Pradhan & Panchayat secretary in his Gram Panchayats comes under Local self-government. Other members of different local bodies also represent their respective area at ward and village level.
Physical Features:
Location and Size:
Kanpur Nagar belongs to the track known as lower doab of Ganga and Yamuna. It is situated on the bank of river Ganga. It lies between the parallels of 25 degree 26' and 26 degree 58' north latitude and 79 degree east 31' and 80 degree 34' longitudes. It is bounded in north by district Kannauj and Hardoi, in east district Unnao, in south district Fatehpur & Hamirpur and in west Kanpur Dehat. The Holy Ganga River separates it from district Unnao in east and forms the natural boundary. Pandu river separates it from district Kanpur Dehat and Fatehpur in west & south respectively.
Physiography :
District Kanpur Nagar is a part of middle Ganga plain-west which covers the area of 1,065 sq.km. The course of the Ganga lies in wide and sandy bed and changes occasionally. Apart from sand, a belt is formed by new deposits of Alluvium. Alluvium deposits are mostly above flood level known as ‘Kachhar’. High cliffs along the Ganga bears many ravines. Pandu and the Rind are the other rivers which flow in the district. Geologically the district belongs to Alluvium, Dun gravels of recent. On the basis of geology, soils, topography, climate and natural vegetation, the district has been divided into following three sub micro regions:-
1. Ganga Khadar
2. Kanpur Plain
3. Rind Plain
Ganga Khadar :
The region is situated along the Ganga river in a narrow strip. It is delimited by the extent of flood water of Ganga river.
Kanpur Plain :
The region is situated in the central part parallel to the Ganga Khadar region. The catchment water zone of the Ganga river is bifurcated by this region. The Pandu and its tributaries drain in this region. Railway and Canals etc. are well developed in this region. It is rich in agriculture as well in industry. Kanpur is the largest urban centre of the state which is industrially most developed centre of the state. A large number of industries are located in and around the Kanpur City.
Rind Plain :
It is situated parallel to Kanpur Plain region and slopes from north -west to south -east. The Rind river drains in the region. The main physical feature is eroded surface which is spread over along river course of Rind. The Geology belongs to Alluvium, Dun gravels (Recent).
Drainage :
The two chief rivers of district are Ganga and the Yamuna. The Isan and the Non are tributaries of the Ganga and the Rind is the chief tributary of Yamuna . The next important river is Pandu.
Ganga :
The Ganga enters the village of Chita Mau and flows along the north- east boundary of the district for its entire length and also skirts the Bilhaur and Kanpur tahsil. It has a wide and sandy belt, changing its channel almost every year as its sand banks are formed and washed away. In the rains the Ganga is of immense breadth but during the cold weather it shrinks to much small dimension. The river leaves the district at village Purwa Mir in Kanpur tahsil.
Isam :
The Isan a tributary of the Ganga has its origin in south -east of Aligarh and enters the district in the extreme north.. The other tributary of the Ganga is the Non (not to be confounded with the river of same name in south of district). The name obviously refers to the brackish nature of its water. This area is full of large, shallow swamps, from which the over flows makes its way southwards to form the Non though river does not assume a definite channel till it enters Shoerajpur. It joins the Ganga in South of Bithur.
Pandu :
This is third tributary of Ganga but does not join that river till it exits from the district, the function taking place in Fatehpur some 5 km beyond the Kanpur border. The Pandu rises in the Farrukhabad and enters this district near the village Naila. During its course the river receives a considerable amount of drainage being fed by small tributaries such as the Nai laukha Bhoni and Paghaiya.
Rind :
The two tributaries of Yamuna are the Rind and the Sengar. The first one is the Rind (or Arind as it is sometimes called) a stream which probably possessed a reputation of sanctity in bygone days. The Rind like Isan has its source in Aligarh district and passing through Kanpur enters the Fatehpur district where it falls into Yamuna.
Yamuna:
It separates the district from Hamirpur in south, and flows about a distance of 58 km. in length from Kanpur district.
The lakes :
The district has a large number of small depressions in which surface water collects to form shallow Jhils. The important one being found in northern Ghatampur and in parts of Kanpur tahsils.
Climate :
There is a meteorological observatory in the district. The climate of the district is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness except in monsoon season. The period from March to about the middle June is summer season which is followed by monsoon season till about the end of September, October and first half of November is transition period. The cold season spreads from about the middle of November to February.
Humidity :
During the monsoon season, the humidity generally exceeds 70 per cent, but after that it decreases. The driest part of the year is the summer season when in the afternoon the humidity is less than 30 per cent.
Winds :
Winds are Generally light with some strengthening in force during the summer and early monsoon season. In the non monsoon months winds blow mostly from direction between south-west and northwest and north westorly predominating in the afternoon. From May winds from directions between northeast and south-east begin to blow and in south west monsoon season they are either from directions between south-east and north-east or between south-west and north-west.
Natural Economic Resources Forestry :
Total geographical area of forest in district is 1.88 per cent of the total area. The district once bountiful in vegetation is now devoid of its preveous richness. Only patches of Dhak, Babul, Siras and Termind (Imli) makes for flora in the district. Neem and Sisham tree also occur. Among the important wild animals, found in the area, are wolves, wild big nilgai, chikaras, black bull, hyaena, fox and jackals that are frequently seen in the area.
Minerals and Mining :
No important minerals are found in the district. Some of the minerals of local commercial value found in the district are Kankar and Maurang etc.
Soil :
The soil is soft vis-a-vis sandy. Between Pandu and Rind the land is alike to that found in north part of previous tract.
Land and Land Use Pattern :
According Statistical Diary 2010 in year 2008-09 total reported Geographical area of district is 301,326 hectares of which 5,656 hectares area is under forest, 15,669 hectares area is under uncultrable land, net sown area is 186,688 hectares and area other than agriculture use is 40,996 hectares in the district.
Agriculture and Crop Pattern :
The agriculture sector in the district does not show the over bearing prominence. As it enjoys in the other districts of the state. Kanpur City aptly described as industrial capital, has brought about tremendous expansions of non agricultural activities. The dominance of agriculture sector is only marginal over non -agriculture sector. Yet the role of agriculture can not be underplayed as the economy of the rural side of the district depends on it.
There are three crop seasons namely Kharif, Rabi and Zaid. The main crops of Kharif are paddy maize, urd, sugar cane and arhar. Main crop of Rabi is wheat and oil seeds was the main crop of Zaid.
Irrigation :
The net irrigated area of the district was 134,969 hectares out of which 28,930 hectares was irrigated by canals, 5468 hectares by government tube-wells, 100,256 hectares by private tube-wells and 315 hectares by other sources during the year 2008-2009. During 2008-2009, out of net cultivated area, total(net) irrigated area was 72 per cent and during 2010-11 this percentage was 70 only. In this way actual rise in irrigated area was negative. Reasons for this was due to shortage of water in canals, mechanical and electrical faults in tube-wells and lack of supply of electric.
In Kanpur Nagar district, Ganga, Pandu, None and Rind rivers are flowing but there is no flood problems.
Animal Husbandry :
Agriculture and live stocks are closely related to each other. The quality of live stock is poor in the district. The government have made efforts to improve the quality of livestock in the district through a network of artificial insemination centres, veterinary hospital and dispensaries.
In Kanpur Nagar, major portion of population reside in Mahanagar. In order to meet the supply of pure and pasteurized milk, Kanpur milk product cooperative federation is functional. In the city, milk federation is providing Parag milk, ghee, butter and paneer etc to people by setting booths at different places. Besides Government poultry farm, private poultry farms are also operational in this district which supply chicken and eggs.
Fishery :
Fishery department provides alternative enterpreneur to the people to supplement income, also provides food with protein to the people. The main activities of the fishery department are development and exploitation of reservoirs for pisiculture and supply fingerlings to private breeders. For production of figurelings, the district covers the area of many hectares in different production centre.There many ponds under Gramshabha and revenue department. Ponds controlled by Gramshabha and revenue department are leased to the fisherman Fisheries department in the same year had distributed finger-lings to breeders. There are many people engaged in fishery industry in the district.
Industry :
Kanpur comes on the top of the industrial map of Uttar Pradesh and occupies a place of importance among the industrial cities of the country. It has grown up into a textile town. Tannery and leather good industries follow next in strengthening the industrial structure of the town. The infrastructure available in the district, attracted a large variety of industry, large as well as small scale, making the city boom with industrial activities. The British India corporation group and J.K. group of industries were on the forefront of industrial development of the district. A good variety of industries, tannery and leather good industries and industries related to plastic goods, chemical, medicines, fertilizers, food and food products edible oil, motor and automobile workshop are spread in different parts of the district. Some of the important factories in Public Sector are British India Corporation tannery and footwear corporation, H.A.L, Artificial limb manufacturing corporation, Indian field and Gun factory & Lohia Machines Ltd. are large scale industries under government and private sectors.
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